Pattern for recognizing data with different categories

I have many records, but they are described by different types of values. Is there a way to recognize patterns about machine learning for example and predict what they are.

Training data:Apple: Color = Red, Color = Yellow, Category = Fruit Pear: Color = Green, Weight = 230, Category = Fruit Potato: shape = round, category = vegetable

Test data:color = green, weight = 230, category = fruit -> pear

It's hard to explain but I hope the example explains the problem a bit.