list matching patterns with awk

I have a file containing patterns and messages separated by ":"

pattern1:First pattern
pattern12:Second pattern
pat1:Short pattern
pat12:Short pattern 2

If i run like this:

awk -F: '$1~/pat1/ {print $2}' file

it filters perfectly and gives output:

Short pattern
Short pattern 2

But actually I want to get messages of patterns which matching my provided string. Lets say i have a string example string with pattern12 substring inside i would expect to get:

First pattern
Second pattern

because two patterns in the file matching my string. Unfortunately nor

awk -F: '$1~/example string with pattern12 substring inside/ {print $2}' file

neither

awk -F: '"example string with pattern12 substring inside"~/$1/ {print $2}' file

works for me.

Is there a way to achieve this with these simple and beautiful filters without moving check inside awk program body?

Thanks