How to move beyond the absolute basics in C++? [on hold]

So, I am not sure if this is the correct forum to ask my question, but here it is.

I know both C and C++ but so far have done only CLI console applications. I have realised, for too long, I have focussed on typical questions in Google/Facebook interviews, "Cracking the Coding Interview" type puzzles. So I am comfortable with the concepts of data structures, can implement, and analyse them ground up (without libraries), can analyse algorithms etc. I have even read and solved most of the exercises of "Introduction to Algorithms. But they seem useless for the interviews.

I understand objects, templates, methods, inheritance etc. But my knowledge is zero when it comes to development environments, libraries, MFC, STL etc. I do not even know what is an iterator (many STL introductions seem to take this knowledge for granted). I have not developed any 'app', or any sort of OS programming, although I have used C++ for more mathematical/statistical analysis.

So how do I move towards being more acceptable to the industry, things in C++ which will make getting a job easier? The job interviews seem to focus entirely on the libraries and interface designing, rather than fundamentals of data-structure, algorithmic analyses etc.

The languages I know are C, C++, Matlab and basic python. So I wish to go deeper with development aspects of C++ (rather than coding aspects). How do I start on it?