What is the pattern called where you override the values of an existing record but keep the values you didn't override?

I've seen this about six places:

1. Maven 2 Configuration of pom.xml vs. your projects pom.xml the local project pom overrides the value of the global configuration one.
2. vim Configuration Files: in the vim install directory, and in your user profile.
3. Ruby on Rails (Sensible Defaults)
4. Simphony 2 (a.k.a. the great grandson of MICROS 9700) all the records that come down from the enterprise (cloud) get overridden.
5. To some extent in NTFS ACLs between parent and child directories when the child directory instead of inheriting it's permissions, has it's down set locally.
6. Extending a class in any OOP language in regards to functions.